Fm 3-23.30 grenades and pyrotechnic signals pdf download

Ensure the projected arc of the fragmentation or an offensive hand grenade is clear of obstacles. Evacuate positions into which a fragmentation or offensive hand grenade is thrown, if possible. If this is not feasible, then use the grenade sump. Fragmentation and offensive hand grenades are the primary types of grenades used during offensive operations.

They provide the violent, destructive, close-in firepower essential for the individual solder to overcome and kill his enemy. These grenades make individual soldier movement easier by suppressing the enemy and disrupting the continuity of the enemy's defensive fires. Fragmentation hand grenades contribute greatly to destroying the enemy's will to continue the fight.

The noise, flash, and concussion generated by fragmentation and offensive grenades have a Fragmentation hand grenades help gain the initiative, maintain the momentum of the assault, and rapidly clear the objective of enemy resistance.

The critical phase of the attack is the final assault -- that moment when a soldier closes with the enemy to kill him. The individual soldier uses his rifle, hand grenades, and bayonet during the assault. The soldier will first use his rifle, firing controlled, well-aimed shots at known or suspected enemy positions. He does this as part of a buddy team, fire team, and squad. He is controlled and disciplined in his movement and application of fires by using established unit SOPs and battle drills.

These battle drills are rehearsed extensively during preparation for combat. As the soldier closes to hand grenade range, he engages the enemy with a combination of rifle fire and hand grenades.

Fragmentation grenades will be used to kill and suppress enemy soldiers in the open, in defilades, or in trenches. Movement toward the enemy must be rapid and violent. Hand grenades must be thrown accurately into enemy positions to reduce the chances of friendly hand grenades hitting friendly forces.

Movement forward should be done as part of a buddy team. One soldier within the buddy team provides overmatching, direct suppressive fires while the other soldier moves forward. Both soldiers must take advantage of the hand grenade explosion to immediately continue their movement forward.

If the enemy is located in an enclosed area, such as a bunker or room within a building , the offensive grenades may be more appropriate than the fragmentation grenades. This, of course, will depend upon availability and prior mission analysis. Offensive grenades have less of a killing effect on the enemy, but for that same reason, safer to employ in confined spaces.

When used, their employment should be immediately followed by violent rifle fire unless capturing enemy personnel is a mission requirement. Remember, an enemy who is only temporarily stunned can still kill you. The shock waves from an offensive grenade also provide better overall interior effect in an enclosed space.

Another advantage of the offensive grenade is it covers more of an enclosed space than a fragmentation grenade. In an assault against a dug-in, well-prepared enemy, use hand grenades to clear crew-served weapons first. Once the first defensive belt has been penetrated, use hand grenades in a priority effort to attack command bunkers and communications equipment, and kill enemy leaders within those bunkers. In the assault, the soldier participates as a squad member in clearing trenches, destroying bunkers, and clearing rooms.

Unit procedures, which have been rehearsed during preparation for combat, will be employed. The buddy team forms the basis for all fragmentation or offensive grenade employment in the following general situations: 1 Clearing a trench within a fortified position Figure He moves along the wall closest to the next bend in the trench. His movement is covered by his buddy who is ready to fire at enemy soldiers advancing toward them.

The grenadier holds a grenade at the ready as he moves rapidly down the trench. After the explosion, the rifleman moves rapidly around the bend and fires rapid bursts horizontally and alternately along the long axis of the trench.

Fire teams and squads are bounded forward to continue clearing the trenchline. If a three-man clearing team is used, the third member guards the back of the other team members and stands by to provide fire on point targets. See FM for actions on the objective. One member of the buddy team provides overwatching suppressive fire while the other member moves rapidly toward the bunker, using a combination of individual movement techniques.

He uses the best available covered route to move toward the bunker. Once thrown, he rolls away from the bunker and faces to the rear of the bunker prepared to engage escaping enemy soldiers with his rifle. After the grenade detonates, he enters the position from the rear to kill or capture remaining enemy soldiers.

Enemy bunker assault. They enter a room through the doorway, knocking the door down if necessary. Before entering the room, they forcefully throw a grenade into the room. After detonations, one man quickly enters and moves out of the doorway to one side or the other, sprays the room with short bursts of automatic fire, and takes up a position where he can observe the entire room. The assault party should not be silhouetted in the doorway.

It is important that soldiers are aware of each others location at all times. If the destruction of vehicles, weapons, or special equipment is required, incendiary hand grenades are needed. Colored smoke grenades always have application for marking pickup zones and identifying the location of friendly forces.

The longer friendly forces remain in the ambush kill zone, the greater the probability of friendly force destruction. Using a combination of fragmentation hand grenades to kill the enemy and white smoke grenades to obscure the enemys sight and rifle fire, the soldiers within a squad assault the enemy force.

Hand grenades are used in defensive operations during the final phase of the close-in battle. The primary hand grenade in all defensive operations is the fragmentation grenade. It is used in conjunction with other weapons and man-made or natural obstacles to destroy the remnants of the attacking enemy force that have succeeded in penetrating the more distant barriers and final protection fires.

The fragmentation hand grenade further disrupts the continuity of the enemy attack, demoralizes the enemy soldier, and forces the enemy into areas covered by direct fire weapons, such as rifle and machine gun fire and Claymore mines. The use of fragmentation hand grenades at the critical moment in the assault for a dismounted enemy force is the final blow in taking the initiative away from him.

Fragmentation hand grenades are used from defensive fighting positions primarily to cover close-in dead space approaches on the friendly side of the protective wire and in front of a squads position. They should be used in conjunction with ground flares positioned along the protective wire. Enemy soldiers stopped at the protective wire should be engaged first with Claymore mines. If time permits during the preparation of the defensive position, soldiers should identify dead space in their sector, especially that dead space that may intersect the protective wire, and move toward friendly fighting positions.

This potential avenue of approach through the protective wire should be marked with a reference to identify it as a primary hand grenade target. The following rules apply when employing fragmentation hand grenades from fighting positions. Do this at the same time direct fire fields of fire are cleared. This minimizes the danger to friendly soldiers and helps cover terrain not covered by direct fire weapons.

Use your rifle to kill enemy soldiers not in defilade positions. On occasion, friendly dismounted soldiers may come in close contact with enemy armored formations. Dismounted infantry should first use antitank missiles and rockets to defeat enemy armor and motorized infantry.

Satchel charges, as described in FM , can also be used to defeat enemy armor. If these are not available, it is still possible to destroy, immobilize, or render inoperative the vehicle or system, and or to kill the crew inside the vehicle. In either case, the soldier must approach the armored vehicle to kill it or the Some characteristics and vulnerabilities of Soviet armor must be understood in order to kill or disable the enemy armored vehicle or its crew.

Vulnerabilities common to most Threat vehicles are the fuel cells, ammunition storage areas, and power trains. Diagrams highlighting these areas on selected Threat vehicles are shown in Figure It takes more than 21 seconds for a Soviet tank to rotate its turret through a full degrees. This means a soldier can completely run around a Soviet tank before the turret can be traversed from over the front deck to the rear deck.

From the Soviet tank gunner's station, nothing within 30 feet at ground level can be seen through the frontal degrees of turret rotation. If the turret is oriented over the rear degrees rear deck , the dead space increases to 50 feet. This means soldiers in fighting positions cannot be seen by Soviet tank gunners when they are within these distances to the tank.

A fire extinguisher system can be triggered manually or automatically by one of eight heat sensors. However, the fire extinguishers ethylene bromide gas creates a poisonous vapor when exposed to flames. If the extinguisher discharges, the crew may have to bail out.

Any weapon that can trigger a fire and the fire extinguisher system can possibly knock out a Soviet tank. The BMP has nine vision blocks for the eight infantrymen in the rear of the vehicle. Eight of these vision blocks four of each side correspond to the firing ports for the squad's weapons. These vision blocks are oriented at a 45degree angle toward the vehicle's direction of movement. The soldier at the left rear of the vehicle mans either the left rear vision block or the last vision block and firing port on the left side.

If the flank firing port is being manned, the vehicle is vulnerable to an approach from the rear. Dismounted soldiers should attempt to destroy or disable enemy armor vehicles with hand grenades only as a last resort. When employing hand grenades for the purpose, the following procedures are recommended. Remain in a covered fighting position until the vehicle closes to within its visual dead space.

Approach the vehicle from the rear, moving aggressively. Place an incendiary grenade over the engine compartment. Attempt to drop a fragmentation grenade into an open hatch if incendiary grenades are not available. Immediately return to cover. Shoot escaping crewmen as they exit the vehicle if it is not disabled by a catastrophic, secondary explosion.

Most of the employment considerations applicable to the use of hand grenades in the defense are equally applicable to regrograde operations. If there is a special application or consideration for hand grenade use during retrograde operations, it would probably be for the creation of obstacles, marking friendly force locations, and breaking contact.

Incendiary grenades can be used when terrain conditions permit initiating fires in specific areas to impede and disrupt enemy movement. Marking Locations. Colored smoke hand grenades can be used to mark friendly force positions and identify friendly forces. Breaking Contact. During retrograde operations, some elements of the friendly force frequently become decisively engaged.

Fragmentation, white smoke, white phosphorous, and CS grenades can all be used for breaking contact and regaining flexibility of maneuver.

Use of hand grenades in volley fire immediately following the employment of white smoke is especially effective. The smoke obscures enemy observation of friendly force movement from covered positions, and fragmentation grenade employment forces them to cover. AirLand Battle doctrine recognizes that the nature of a future war poses a significant threat to rear areas.

These threats range from large operational maneuver groups to highly trained, special operating forces and even terrorists. At every squad and section throughout the corps battle area, individual US soldiers must react to every action by aggressive, violent employment of grenades and individual weapons. There is no safe zone on the battlefield. Special Considerations.

Two features of rear area operations provide for unique considerations insofar as hand grenade employment is concerned. In certain areas of the world, the US Army and its allies must anticipate a large number of civilian refugees moving into and through the rear area.

The situation will be further confused by the large members of CS and CSS units operating throughout the rear area. These factors dictate the following in regard to hand grenade employment in the rear areas.

Grenades are thrown by individual soldiers at enemy soldiers in all threat situations. US forces should consider using the offensive grenade, especially in those situations where noncombatants and support troops may be intermingled with threat forces. It is not unreasonable to expect enemy SPETNAZ, special agent provocateurs, and fifth columnists to attempt to incite riots in our rear areas, especially if the conflict begins to stalemate and does not result in a rapid victory for either side.

Forces in the rear area must quell these riots as rapidly as possible while minimizing potential damage to the Riot control grenades, which are usually associated with peacetime law and order functions, also have relevancy in maintaining control of the rear area. Base Cluster Defense. Base cluster commanders must organize the defense of their positions in much the same manner as tactical commanders in the MBA.

Accordingly, the employment of hand grenades from defensive positions surrounding the base cluster is based on the same considerations as hand grenade employment by combat units in the MBA. While hand grenade procedures do not change when employed under adverse conditions, special cautions must be considered. MOPP 4. Exercise additional caution when employing hand grenades while in MOPP gear.

Arming and throwing procedures must be executed slowly and deliberately. It is recommended that the thrower observe each arming action removal of safety clip and safety pin. Concentrate on the grip. Wearing gloves will inhibit the throwers feel and could decrease his throwing ability. Throwers must have clear fields of fire and no overhead obstructions. Depth perception is generally impaired under limited visibility conditions. The training program should incorporate safe handling and throwing practices, which will reduce injuries not only in peacetime, hut in combat as well.

Initially, training programs will require extensive direct supervision; but, as soldier profic iency increases, the amount of supervision required decreases. The program progresses from fundamental to advanced training, culminating with the integration of hand grenades into situational and field training exercise. Once soldiers reach a high proficiency level, a sustainment program should be implemented to maintain this level.

The following progrssive training program objectives are offered for use or modification: Instruction on visual identification of hand grenades. Instruction on capabilities of hand grenades. Technical instruction on grenade function. Instruction and practical exercises on fundamentals of gripping, throwing, and throwing positions.

Practical exercises using targets of different types at varied ranges that stress distance and accuracy. Advance training courses listed in this chapter, except for the target engagements at varied ranges, accuracy, buddy teams, movement techniques, and weapon integration.

These courses may be modified to support the unit METL, terrain, and commanders intent. Distance and Accuracy. The distance and accuracy course is the initial practical exercise soldiers should perform. It is designed to develop the soldier's proficiency in grenade throwing and reinforce proper throwing habits. To develop good safety habits, supervisors must ensure proper throwing techniques are used by the soldiers.

The soldier should receive a course orientation, explanation, and demonstration. This must include clarification of the tasks, conditions, and standards for the course, followed by a demonstration that meets the stated standard. During initial hand grenade throwing, soldier should be allowed to observe the strike of the grenade. This feedback allows the soldier to gain an appreciation for the weight of the grenade and the amount of force required to accurately throw the grenade.

Proper procedures for seeking cover after throwing a grenade should be stressed after the soldier acquires throwing accuracy. The following is a generic task, condition, and standard to assist units.

TASK: Engage a variety of targets at varying ranges up to 40 meters. STANDARD: The soldier must successfully engage targets at each station with two out of three grenades, using the prone to kneeling or prone to standing and prone throwing positions. A target is successfully engaged when the grenade detonates within 5 meters of the target. A recommended four-station target course by target type and distance is -A fighting position 30 meters from the throwing line.

A trench target 40 meters from the throwing line. A fortifed mortar position 20 meters from the throwing line. Soldiers in open, during assault at 20 meters from throwing line.

The four stations may be combined if the terrain does not allow four stations. Soldiers throw three grenades at each station. Two of the three grenades must be within 5 meters of the target. If the soldier does not meet the standard, additional training is required until he does.

The number of practice throws a soldier needs depends upon his ability to meet the standard. Each soldier is evaluated individually.

Practice Training Pit. The practice pit si where soldiers prepare to throw live fragmentation grenades. Training here introduces the soldier to the throwing commands and provides additional throwing practice. Soldiers are oriented to the practice training pit and given an explanation of the commands that will be used during actual throwing. Soldiers will then practice the actual procedures used during live pit training.

The instructor must enforce correct throwing and safety procedures. Improper techniques or bad habits, which a soldier could carry over to live pit training, cannot be tolerated. NOTE: The physical layout of the practice pit should replicate the live throw pit. Live Pit. The live pit gives soldiers the opportunity to experience the sensations of throwing a live fragmentation grenade. This instills confidence in the soldiers ability to throw the hand grenade and its lethality.

The procedures and techniques of conducting live hand grenade range operations depend upon available facilities and their regulations. Each facility has its own safety features and training qualities, making it difficult to standardize the operating procedures. Soldiers must receive a safety briefing first. Throughout hand grenade training and particularly at a live pit, instructors must instill confidence in the soldiers--not apprehension.

Hand grenades are inherently safe when used properly. Soldiers throwing a live hand grenade must have a target. This makes sense tactically and provides a safer training environment. Consult local range regulations for restrictions. See Figure for suggested live pit layout.

Soldiers must attach hand grenades to ammunition pouches and carry them to the throwing pits. Soldiers must wear flak vests, helmets, and, if available, eye armor. The following task, condition, and standard are offered for use. TASK: nade. Engage targets with a live fragmentation gre-. Soldier must comply with all fire commands and instructions. The qualification course measures and evaluates the soldiers ability to engage a variety of targets with hand grenades using proper throwing techniques.

The qualification course should not be attempted until after training on the distance and accuracy course. This applies especially to units whose soldiers have not had any hand grenade training. The qualification course allows soldiers to use fuzed, practice hand grenades to engage targets in natural terrain under simulated combat conditions.

An added incentive for soldiers to perform well is the award of a hand grenade qualification bar to be worn on his marksmanship medal. With the older former Soviet Union tanks, a soldier can actually run around the tank before the turret traverses from the front deck to the rear. The newer tanks have been fitted with explosive reactive armor, which makes them more difficult to engage with antitank weapons. Therefore, engagement with hand grenades should be considered only as a last resort.

If the turret is oriented over the rear degrees the rear deck , the dead space increases to 50 feet. This means gunners on former Soviet Union tanks cannot see soldiers in fighting positions within these distances of the tank. A fire extinguisher system can be triggered manually or automatically by one of eight heat sensors.

If the extinguisher discharges, the crew may have to bail out. Any weapon that can trigger a fire and the fire extinguisher system might possibly knock out a former Soviet Union tank. The BMP has nine vision blocks for the eight infantrymen in the rear of the vehicle. The soldier at the left rear of the vehicle mans either the left rear vision block or the last vision block and firing port on the left side.

If the flank firing port is being manned, the vehicle is vulnerable to an approach from the rear. Dismounted soldiers should attempt to destroy or disable enemy armor only as a last resort. When employing hand grenades for this purpose, follow these procedures: E Remain in a covered fighting position until the vehicle closes to within its visual dead space. Approach the vehicle from the rear, moving aggressively. E Place an incendiary grenade over the engine compartment.

E Attempt to drop a fragmentation grenade into an open hatch if incendiary grenades are not available. E Engage any crewmen who exit the vehicle. Defensive Employment on Urban Terrain. The considerations for the defensive employment of grenades on urban terrain are generally the same as offensive considerations with respect to ROE, structural integrity of the building, fratricide avoidance, and desired effects of the type grenade to be used.

Additionally, the following also apply: 1 Fragmentation grenades can be very effective in producing casualties when thrown at assaulting enemy troops between buildings or on streets from windows, doors, mouseholes, or other building apertures. This is especially useful if the structural integrity of the building does not permit the use of fragmentation or concussion grenades.

Special applications or considerations for hand grenade use during retrograde operations relate to creating obstacles, marking friendly force locations, and breaking contact.

Create Obstacles. When terrain conditions permit, soldiers can use incendiary grenades to impede and disrupt enemy movement by initiating fires in specific areas. Mark Locations. Soldiers can use colored smoke hand grenades to mark friendly force positions and identify friendly forces.

Break Contact. During retrograde operations, some elements of the friendly force most often become decisively engaged. Soldiers can use fragmentation, white smoke, and CS grenades to break contact and regain flexibility of maneuver.

Use of hand grenades in volley fire following the employment of white smoke is especially effective. The smoke obscures enemy observation of friendly force movement from covered positions, and the fragmentation grenades force the enemy to cover. These threats range from large operational maneuver groups to highly trained, special operating forces and even terrorists. At every element level throughout the corps battle area, individual US soldiers must react to every action by aggressive, violent employment of grenades and individual weapons.

There is no safe zone on the battlefield; therefore, leaders must plan for the following: a. Special Considerations. Two features of rear area operations provide for unique considerations concerning hand grenade employment. In certain areas of the world, the US Army and its allies must anticipate a large number of civilian refugees moving into and through the rear area. This situation can be confusing with the large numbers of CS and CSS units operating throughout the rear area.

These factors dictate the following guidelines for hand grenade employment in the rear areas: 1 Offensive grenades. Individual soldiers throw offensive grenades at enemy soldiers in situations where noncombatants and support troops may be intermingled with threat forces. It is reasonable to expect enemy special forces, special agent provocateurs, and fifth columnists to attempt to incite riots in our rear areas, especially if the conflict begins to stalemate and does not result in the rapid victory for either side.

Forces in the rear area must quell these riots as rapidly as possible while reducing damage to the lives and property of noncombatants. Riot-control grenades, which are usually associated with peacetime law and order functions, also have relevancy in maintaining control of the rear area.

Base Cluster Defense. Base cluster commanders must organize the defense of their positions in much the same manner as tactical commanders in the MBA. Accordingly, the employment of hand grenades from defense positions surrounding the base cluster should follow the same considerations as hand grenade employment by combat units in the MBA.

Exercise additional caution when employing hand grenades in MOPP gear. The thrower should execute arming and throwing procedures carefully and deliberately and should concentrate on using the proper grip. Observing each arming action removal of safety clip and safety pin is also recommended in MOPP.

Throwers must have clear fields of fire with no overhead obstructions. Depth perception is generally impaired under limited visibility conditions. The intended outcome of all hand grenade training programs is to train soldiers proficient in using hand grenades for any tactical situation.

The training program should incorporate safe handling and throwing practices, which reduce injuries in peacetime as well as in combat. The program progresses from fundamental to advanced training, culminating with the integration of hand grenades into situational and field training exercises. Once soldiers reach a high- proficiency level, a sustainment program is implemented to maintain this level. The following progressive training outline is for use or modification: E Instruction on safety inspection and maintenance of hand grenades.

E Instruction on visual identification of hand grenades. E Instruction on capabilities of hand grenades. E Technical instruction on grenade function. E Instruction and practical exercises on fundamentals of gripping procedures, throwing techniques, and throwing positions. E Practical exercises emphasizing distance and accuracy using targets of different types at various ranges.

E Advanced training courses that incorporate buddy teams, movement techniques, weapon integration, and multiple target engagements at various ranges. Minimum course standards for basic training units have training stations that include the following: a.

Distance and Accuracy. When conducting the training, provide soldiers with a course orientation, explanation, and demonstration, including clarification of the tasks, conditions, and standards for the course and followed by a demonstration that meets the stated standards.

To develop good safety habits, supervisors and instructors must ensure the soldiers use proper throwing techniques. During the initial practical exercise, soldiers are allowed to observe the strike of the grenade so they can gain an appreciation for the weight of the grenade and the amount of force required to throw it accurately.

After initial training, however, soldiers should follow the proper procedures for seeking cover after throwing a grenade. The following is a generic task with conditions and standards to assist units. TASK: Engage a variety of targets at varying ranges up to 40 meters. The soldier must throw from the alternate prone, prone to kneeling, and prone to standing positions. A target is successfully engaged when the grenade detonates within 5 meters of the target. The four stations may be combined if the terrain does not allow four stations.

Bunker Complex. When conducting the training, give soldiers clarification on the task, conditions, and standards, followed by a demonstration and standards for the station. TASK: Engage an enemy bunker complex. The soldier must approach the bunker from the blind side, properly cook-off the grenade, put the grenade into the porthole of the bunker, roll away from the bunker, and turn degrees to cover the rear exit of the bunker. The grenade must detonate in the bunker.

Basic training recruits must identify five out of five grenades in order to get a GO. Hand Grenade Qualification Course. The qualification course allows the soldier to gain confidence in arming and throwing hand grenades.

All soldiers must go through mock-bay training before going to live bay. The qualification course should not be attempted until all initial training has been completed. The qualification course allows soldiers to use fuzed practice hand grenades to engage targets in natural terrain under simulated combat conditions. An incentive for a soldier to perform well is the award of a hand grenade qualification bar worn on his marksmanship medal.

The hand grenade qualification course is standardized throughout the US Army. The course consists of seven stations with one grader at each station. The course is conducted in two-man teams, but soldiers are evaluated individually. Engage a group of F-type silhouette targets in the open from a two- man fighting position. Engage a bunker using available cover and concealment. Engage a fortified mm mortar position from 20 meters.

Engage a group of enemy targets behind cover at a meter distance. Clear an entry point to a trench line at a meter distance. Engage troops in a halted, open-type wheeled vehicle at a meter distance. Identify hand grenades. Soldiers must be able to identify grenades by shape, color, markings, and capabilities.

For a suggested identification station, refer to Figure Although no two hand grenade qualification courses are alike, the standards must be consistent. The scorecard at Figures front and back establishes the action, condition, standard, and scoring procedure for the qualification course.

Qualification must be awarded only to those soldiers who meet these standards. The evaluator at each station determines scoring IAW the standard scorecard. For an example of a physical layout, see Figure NOTE: In addition to the requirements on this scorecard, the soldier must throw two live fragmentation grenades to qualify.

SSN G. NO-GO L. Detonated at least one grenade inside trench. Kept exposure time under 3 seconds. Returned to covered position after each throw. Used proper grip. Used proper throwing techniques. Engage Bunker A. Approached from blind side. Checked for bunker opening. Detonated grenade in bunker. Rolled away from bunker. Use cook-off technique. Identify Hand Grenades. Engage mm Mortar Position at 20 Meters B. Identified M14 grenades as incendiary.

Completed performance measures 4A through 4E within 15 seconds. Mock-Bay Training. When soldiers practice throwing grenades before going to live bay to throw, it is called mock-bay training. This training introduces the soldier to throwing commands and provides additional throwing practice.

Soldiers are oriented to the mock-bay training pit and given an explanation of the commands that are used during actual throwing. Soldiers also practice the actual procedures used during live-bay training.

The instructor enforces correct throwing and safety procedures. Improper techniques or bad habits, which a soldier could carry over to live-bay training, cannot be tolerated. The following is a generic task with conditions and standards to assist units: TASK: Successfully throw practice hand grenades from the mock-bay pit and follow all commands from the instructor or NCOIC. NOTE: Be sure the physical layout of the mock-bay pit replicates the live-bay pit. This technique not only gives the soldier the sensation of throwing a live fragmentation hand grenade, but also instills confidence in his ability to throw the hand grenade and shows him its lethality.

The procedures and techniques for conducting live hand grenade range operations depend upon available facilities and their regulations. Each facility has its own safety features and training qualities, so it is difficult to standardize the operating procedures. Live-Bay Training. The purpose of the live-bay pit is to give soldiers the opportunity to experience throwing a live fragmentation hand grenade.

The following guidelines are provided to assist in the conduct of live hand grenade training: 1 Soldiers must have mock-bay training before throwing live grenades at live bay. Hand grenades are inherently safe when used properly. This makes sense tactically and provides a safer training environment.

Consult the local range regulations for any restrictions. For a suggested live-bay layout, see Figures and TASK: Engage targets with live fragmentation grenades. The soldier must carry grenades using the proper right or left handgrips and comply with all throwing commands and instructions from the pit NCO.

Hand Grenade Confidence Course. Once the soldier has developed his throwing proficiency and has been introduced to throwing casualty-producing hand grenades, he needs an opportunity to apply his newly acquired proficiency in a simulated tactical situation requiring the use of grenades.

The hand grenade confidence course is designed to accomplish this objective Figure The hand grenade confidence course has a practice and live course, each consisting of an assembly area, a final coordination line, an initial holding area, a covering position, a throwing position, and a final holding area. The following guidance is given to initiate the confidence course:. The OIC of the range presents a tactical situation, and unfuzed practice hand grenades are issued to the platoon for the practice portion of the course.

The OIC inspects all personnel before they negotiate the course to make certain that all grenades are properly secured. The OIC determines whether to issue grenades to the soldiers in the holding area or at the throwing bunker, depending upon their experience and proficiency. The squad leader sends two men from the right side of the line to bunker number one near the objective.

One man lays down a base-of-fire at target area number three. The safety officer directs the number-one man on the right to move to bunker number two within hand grenade range of the objective.

From bunker number two, the soldier continues to fire his weapon until all far targets are suppressed. He then observes target area number one and engages it with a practice hand grenade. This command pertains to everyone in the training area.

At this time, all personnel get behind protective cover. After the grenade functions, the safety officer counts to seven, which indicates the amount of time personnel must remain behind the protective cover. The soldier engages target area number two with a second practice hand grenade. Covering fire is continued from bunker number one. The squad leader then sends a new man to bunker number one where he provides covering fire as the number-two man moves to bunker number two to throw his grenades.

After the second grenade functions, the soldier being critiqued by the critique NCO moves directly to the initial holding area. The first soldier to throw grenades provides covering fire for the last man to throw. After the first group has completed the practice course, the practice and live courses are run concurrently on separate training areas.

NOTE: On the practice course, blank rifle ammunition and practice grenades are used. Live ammunition and two live grenades are used in the conduct of the live course.

The safety officer must make sure the soldiers remove the blank adapters before issuing ammunition. In some instances, it may be necessary to place an individual who has extreme difficulty in properly handling grenades under the control of an assistant instructor for detailed instruction.

Under no circumstances can a man be allowed to throw live fragmentation grenades until he has clearly demonstrated his ability to throw practice grenades during the practice portion of the course. The following safety personnel are required for the hand grenade confidence course: a Officer in charge. After the OIC or NCOIC issues the operation order in the assembly area, the safety officer is positioned in the safety bunker where he has the immediate responsibility of supervising hand grenade throwing.

The squad leaders alternate moving squads to and from the initial holding areas. They are responsible for ensuring that all personnel are behind protective cover in the initial holding area when grenades are being thrown.

The safety officer is the senior assistant instructor. He must be an E6 or above. Positioned in bunker number one, he controls the movement of all personnel both before and after each grenade is thrown. He also controls the soldier furnishing covering fire. The critique NCO is positioned in the final holding area. He critiques each thrower immediately after the soldier arrives from bunker number two. To ensure continuity, the critique NCO observes the same squad during both the practice and live courses.

He then returns to the practice course to observe another squad. The training facility for the hand grenade confidence course consists of a practice grenade course for throwing the M69 practice grenades and a live grenade course for throwing fragmentation grenades. These two courses are constructed alike and close together to allow easy movement from one to the other.

The hand grenade confidence course should be conducted concurrently with another 2-hour period of instruction in order to reduce terrain and personnel requirements. The breakdown for the conduct of training is as follows: a Initial orientation 20 minutes.

Practice and live runs are done concurrently after the first squad completes the practice run. Each soldier needs 40 rounds of blank 5. For each demonstration, 40 rounds of blank 5. This area is used as a briefing point and an ammunition issue point. It should be a cleared area large enough to accommodate a to man platoon. This line should be a prominent terrain feature, such as a wood line or streambed, located between the assembly area and the objective.

Ideally, the area between the final coordination line and the objective should slope uphill. This is the last location outside the surface danger zone where personnel may maneuver freely without the need for cover to protect soldiers from fragmentation danger.

This area should be located 30 to 50 meters forward of the final coordination line. The area should be a mound or a roadside ditch that is long enough to accommodate nine men and high enough to afford protection for a kneeling man.

This position should be a mound or parapet 2 meters high and 8 meters wide across its front side. The position should be 5 meters forward of the right flank of the initial holding area. This position should be a mound or a parapet 1. The position should be located about 15 meters to the left front of the covering position. It should be a pit affording the minimum frontal protection.

The position is located 10 meters to the rear of the throwing position. While only a limited number of grenade types are in production today for U. Armed Forces, the majority of all hand grenades produced are used by either the armed forces of our allies or countries to which we occasionally provide military assistance.

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